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Ja Rule

Biography

Because the flagship artist for maker Irv Gotti’s Def Jam-affiliated Murder Inc. label, Ja Guideline became among the rap industry’s many commercially successful performers through the early 2000s, operating closely using the hitmaking maker and his steady of talent. Given birth to Jeffrey Atkins on Feb 29, 1976, in Queens, NY, Ja Rule founded himself with Venni Vetti Vecci (1999), a hardcore debut recording similar however you like to the durable thug rap after that popularized by DMX as well as the Ruff Ryder collective. On his second recording, Guideline 3:36 (2000), he started collaborating with woman R&B singers, along with a string of radio-friendly strikes resulted (“Between Me and you also,” “Wear it Me,” “I Cry”). Discomfort Is Like (2001) followed exactly the same template, providing up several rap-R&B hybrids for the singles (“I’m Actual,” “Livin’ It Up,” “Usually promptly,” “Down Ass Chick”) and filling in the recording with hardcore rap. Through the entire summer time of 2002, Ja Guideline was at his most widely used, presented on not merely his own strikes but also being a highlighted guest on Unwanted fat Joe’s “What’s Luv?” and Mary J. Blige’s “Rainy Dayz.” Close to the end of the entire year, he released his 4th record, THE FINAL Enticement (2002), which once again matched him with R&B vocalists because of its singles, this time around with Bobby Dark brown (“Thug Lovin'”) and Ashanti (“Mesmerize”). Ja Guideline began to end up being mocked by 50 Cent for this period, and beefs ensued between your two rappers’ camps; for example, over the defeat of 2Pac’s “Hail Mary,” 50 Cent teamed up along with his affiliates Eminem and Busta Rhymes for the stinging mixtape freestyle dissing Ja Guideline and Irv Gotti. Increasingly vunerable to the criticism as his music dropped out of open public favor, Ja Guideline returned with just as much vengeance as he could muster for Bloodstream in My Eyes (2003) and R.U.L.E. (2004). Although latter spawned a high Five hit one, “Great,” a rap-R&B cross types offering R. Kelly and Ashanti, both albums had been fulfilled with general indifference, getting the to begin Ja Rule’s albums to flunk of platinum qualification. Exodus (2005), a best-of collection, brought Ja Rule’s tenure with Def Jam to some close. From 2005-2007, as Irv Gotti’s Murder Inc. procedure dropped into shambles, Ja Guideline was noiseless; he charted no music in the Billboard Scorching 100 during this time period period. Toward the finish of 2007, he attempted a return, initial with “Uh-Ohhh!”; offering Lil Wayne, who was simply perhaps the most popular rapper of as soon as, the song non-etheless stalled at amount 106 in the Billboard 200. A few various other singles (“Body,” “Sunset”) also didn’t garner significant airplay, as well as the prepared November 2007 discharge of The Reflection was pushed back again and canceled. That same calendar year he would end up being arrested on weapon and drug ownership charges, which this year 2010 would become a two-year word in prison. A year afterwards, 28 months had been added for taxes evasion, nonetheless it didn’t end his 2012 record Pain Is Like, Vol. 2 from getting on his brand-new label M-Pire.

Quick Facts


Full Name Ja Rule
Height 1.75 m
Profession Actor, Rapper, Singer, Music Producer, Songwriter
Nationality American
Spouse Aisha Atkins
Children Britney Atkins, Jeffrey Atkins Jr., Jordan Atkins
Parents William Jeffrey Atkins, Debra Atkins
Awards MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video, MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video, BET Award for Best Male Hip-Hop Artist, World Music Award for World's Best Selling Hip Hop/Rap Artist
Music Songs Always on Time, Down A** B**ch, Between Me And You, Caught Up, Down 4 U, Murder Reigns, Real Life Fantasy, Life Ain't a Game, Uh-Ohhh!, Body, I'm Real, 6 Feet Underground, Suicide Freestyle, Smokin and Ridin, Kill 'Em All, E-Dub & Ja, Niggas & Bitches, We Here Now, The March Prelude, How Many Wanna, The Rule Won't Die, Only Begotten Son, Lost Little Girl, World's Most Dangerous, Count On Your Nigga, Bout My Business, So Much Pain, The INC Is Back, The Pledge, Furious, Do I Do, Worldwide Gangsta
Albums Venni Vetti Vecci, Rule 3:36, Pain Is Love, The Last Temptation, Blood in My Eye, R.U.L.E., Exodus, The Mirror, Icon, Pain Is Love 2, It's Muuurder, Ja Rule: 2005 (Live), Best of Ja Rule, PIL 2, Coup de Grâce
Nominations Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, MTV Europe Music Award for Best Hip-Hop, Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance, Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, MTV Video Music Award for Viewer's Choice, BET Award for Viewer's Choice, MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film, Billboard Music Award for Top Male Artist, Billboard Music Award for Top Rap Artist, American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist, Soul Train Music Award for Best Album of the Year, American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, MuchMusic Video Award for iHeartRadio International Artist of the Year, Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Artist, MuchMusic Video Award for Peoples Choice: Favourite International Artist, Billboard Music Award for R&B/Hip-Hop Album Artist of the Year, Billboard Music Award for Male Albums Artist of the Year, Teen Choice Award for Choice Rap Artist in a Movie, Billboard Music Award for Rap Track of the Year, Billboard Music Award for Hot 100 Singles Male Artist of the Year
Movies The Fast and the Furious, I'm in Love with a Church Girl, Half Past Dead, Turn It Up, The Cookout, Scary Movie 3, Assault on Precinct 13, Back in the Day, Wrong Side of Town, Once Upon a Time in Brooklyn, The Cookout 2, Shall We Dance?, Beef, Crime Partners, Backstage, Da Hip Hop Witch, Kiss and Tail: The Hollywood Jump-Off, Sisters, Trolland, Furnace, Don't Fade Away, Ja Rule: 2005, Kurupt: G-TV, Death Before Dishonor, Hip-Hop VIPs, Slip N Slide: All Star Weekend, Hood Vision, Smack: Vol. 1, Island Def Jam Recording Presents: #1 Spot, Fat Joe: Follow the Don, Nuthin' to Lose, Step Your Game Up: Part 5: The Journal Story, South Beach Raw, Slip N Slide: Memorial Day Weekend, Street Heat: Vol. 10, Fast & Furious
TV Shows Follow the Rules, Black in the 80s


  • Facts
  • Filmography
  • Awards
  • Salaries
  • Quotes
  • Trademarks
  • Pictures

#Fact
1 Is notorious for canceling his shows. He reportedly canceled one show so he could go to a L.A. Lakers game.
2 Released Greatest Hits album called "Exodus" on December 6th - the same day Eminem released his Greatest Hits album, "Curtain Call: The Hits". Ja Rule did this to compete with Eminem's record sales, and to fulfill his deal with Def Jam. However, the album was a comparative failure. It sold approximately 500,000 copies. [December 2005]
3 Releasing fifth album "Blood In My Eye" due out November. [October 2003]
4 Released fourth album, "The Last Temptation" [November 2002]
5 Signed the rapper from the Outlawz Hussein Fatal to Murder Inc, also known as the Inc. [November 2005]
6 Released fifth album "Blood In My Eye", an attempt to strengthen his street credibility. The album failed to reach platinum status. [November 2003]
7 Has been rapping since 1984.
8 Has been rapping since 1995.
9 Has an ongoing feud with rapper 50 Cent.
10 Did a collaboration, with rock band Metallica, called 'We Did It Again'.
11 Is a Leap Year baby, since his birthday is February 29.
12 Father, with Aisha Atkins, of daughter Britney (born in 1995) and son Jeff Jnr (born in August 2000).


Soundtrack

Soundtrack

TitleYearStatusCharacter
Atlanta 2016 TV Series performer - 1 episode
Chewing Gum 2015 TV Series performer - 1 episode
Jennifer Lopez: Dance Again 2014 TV Movie documentary writer: "I'm Real Murder Remix" - as Jeffrey Atkins
Top Five 2014 performer: "It's Murda"
I'm in Love with a Church Girl 2013 performer: "Pray for the Day"
Oi Fashion Rocks 2009 TV Movie performer: "Fly" / writer: "Fly"
Fish Tank 2009 performer: "Down 4 U" / writer: "Down 4 U" - as Jeffrey Atkins
Ugly Betty 2008 TV Series performer - 1 episode
More Than a Game 2008 Documentary performer: "Livin' It Up" / writer: "Livin' It Up" - as Jeffrey Atkins
Premiya Muz-TV 2008 2008 TV Special writer: "Megamiks"
So You Think You Can Dance 2006 TV Series performer - 1 episode
Shall We Dance 2004 performer: "Livin' It Up" 2001 / writer: "Livin' It Up" 2001 - as Jeffrey B. Atkins
Biker Boyz 2003 performer: "We Did It Again"
DysFunktional Family 2003 Documentary performer: "Who Wants 2 Fuck Tonite"
Friday After Next 2002 performer: "Livin' It Up" / writer: "Livin' It Up" - as Jeffrey Atkins
Half Past Dead 2002 performer: "Gangstafied", "Intro", "The Pledge Remix"
The Wire TV Series performer - 1 episode, 2002 writer - 1 episode, 2002
Ali G Indahouse 2002 as Atkins, "PUT IT ON ME" / performer: "PUT IT ON ME"
Saturday Night Live 2001 TV Series performer - 1 episode
Glitter 2001 performer: "If We" / writer: "If We"
The Fast and the Furious 2001 performer: "Furious", "Race Against Time Part 2", "Life Ain'ta Game", "Good Life Remix" / writer: "Furious", "Race Against Time Part 2", "Life Ain'ta Game" - as J. Atkins
Flava TV Series performer - 2 episodes, 1999 - 2001 writer - 1 episode, 1999
Exit Wounds 2001 performer: "Feelin' The Hate", "State To State" / writer: "Feelin' The Hate", "State To State" - as Jeffrey Atkins
Double Take 2001 performer: "Put It On Me Remix"
Drop the Beat 2000 TV Series performer: "4 Life"
The Sopranos TV Series performer - 1 episode, 2000 writer - 1 episode, 2000
Next Friday 2000 performer: "We Murderers Baby" / writer: "Can I Get a..." - as Jeffrey Atkins / writer: "We Murderers Baby" - as J. Atkins
Light It Up 1999 performer: "How Many Wanna" / writer: "How Many Wanna" - as Jeffrey Atkins
Blue Streak 1999 lyrics: "Damn Should've Treated U Right" - as Jeffrey Atkins / performer: "Damn Should've Treated U Right"
Daria 1999 TV Series performer - 1 episode
Life 1999/I performer: "25 to Life"
Belly 1998 performer: "Story to Tell", "Grand Finale" / writer: "Story to Tell"
Rush Hour 1998 performer: "Can I Get a .." / writer: "Can I Get a .." - as Jeffrey Atkins

Actor

Actor

TitleYearStatusCharacter
Trolland 2016 Video Fenn (voice)
Single Ladies 2014 TV Series
I'm in Love with a Church Girl 2013 Miles Montego (as Jeff 'Ja Rule' Atkins)
Once Upon a Time in Brooklyn 2013/I Willie Davis
The Cookout 2 2011 TV Movie Bling Bling
Don't Fade Away 2010 Foster
Wrong Side of Town 2010 Video Razor (as Ja Rule a.k.a. Jeffrey Atkins)
Furnace 2007 Terrence Dufresne (as Jeffrey 'Ja Rule' Atkins)
South Beach 2006 TV Series Donnie Fox
Back in the Day 2005 Reggie
Assault on Precinct 13 2005 Smiley (as Jeffrey 'Ja Rule' Atkins)
MADtv 2004 TV Series Ja Rule
Shall We Dance 2004 Hip Hop Bar Performer
The Cookout 2004 Bling Bling
Scary Movie 3 2003 Agent Thompson
Crime Partners 2003 Hitman
Pauly Shore Is Dead 2003 Ja Rule
Half Past Dead 2002 Nicolas 'Nick' Frazier
The Fast and the Furious 2001 Edwin
Turn It Up 2000 David 'Gage' Williams
Blackstreet Feat. Janet Jackson, Ja Rule & Eve: Girlfriend/Boyfriend 1999 Video short

Composer

Composer

TitleYearStatusCharacter
Ja Rule: 2005 2008 Video
MTV Movie Special: Tupac Resurrection 2003 TV Special documentary short

Music Department

Music Department

TitleYearStatusCharacter
Jennifer Lopez: The Reel Me 2003 Video composer: songs "I'm Real [Remix]", "Ain't it Funny [Remix]"

Thanks

Thanks

TitleYearStatusCharacter
Jennifer Lopez: Dance Again 2014 TV Movie documentary special thanks

Self

Self

TitleYearStatusCharacter
6th Annual VH1 Hip Hop Honors 2009 TV Movie Himself
Altas Horas 2009 TV Series Himself
MTV Video Music Brasil 2009 2009 TV Movie Himself - Performer
Just Another Day 2009/IV Himself
Kiss and Tail: The Hollywood Jumpoff 2009 Video documentary Himself
Ja Rule: 2005 2008 Video Himself
American Gangster 2007 TV Series documentary Himself
TMZ on TV 2007 TV Series Himself
Rap Sheet: Hip-Hop and the Cops 2006 Documentary Himself
Death Before Dishonor 2006 Video Himself
E! True Hollywood Story 2006 TV Series documentary Himself
The Tyra Banks Show 2006 TV Series Himself
Punk'd 2005 TV Series Himself
The Contender 2005 TV Series Himself
Inked 2005 TV Series
Black in the 80s 2005 TV Mini-Series documentary Himself
Last Call with Carson Daly 2002-2005 TV Series Himself / Himself - Musical Guest
HBO First Look 2005 TV Series documentary Himself
Jimmy Kimmel Live! 2005 TV Series Himself
Biography 2005 TV Series documentary Himself
Iced Out New Year's Eve 2005 2004 TV Movie Himself
Total Request Live 2004 TV Series Himself
Ashanti: Custom Concert 2004 TV Special Performer
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno 2002-2004 TV Series Himself
Total Request Live 2004 TV Series Himself
Late Night with Conan O'Brien 2002-2004 TV Series Himself
Making 'Scary Movie 3' 2004 Video documentary short Himself
Sex & Rock N Roll Featuring Ja Rule 2004 Video Himself
Hip Hop & Rock 2003 Video Himself
Hip Hop Uncensored Vol. 5: The Greatest Shows on Earth 2003 Video Himself
Fromage 2003 2003 TV Movie Himself
Jennifer Lopez: The Reel Me 2003 Video Himself (segments "I'm Real [Remix]" and "Ain't it Funny [Remix]")
Tinseltown TV 2003 TV Series Himself
MOBO Awards 2003 2003 TV Special Himself
Howard Stern 2003 TV Series Himself
The 45th Annual Grammy Awards 2003 TV Special Himself - Presenter
The 30th Annual American Music Awards 2003 TV Special Himself - Performer
Hip-Hop VIPs 2002 Video documentary Himself
VH1 Big in 2002 Awards 2002 TV Special Himself
Ja Rule 2002 Video Himself
The 2002 Billboard Music Awards 2002 TV Special Himself
The Daily Show 2002 TV Series Himself
MADtv 2002 TV Series Himself / Cousin Leo
The 8th Annual Walk of Fame Honoring Stevie Wonder 2002 TV Special Himself
MTV Video Music Awards 2002 2002 TV Special Himself - Performer
Top of the Pops 2001-2002 TV Series Himself
Party in the Park 2002 2002 TV Special Performer
Irv Gotti Presents the Inc. 2002 Video Himself
2nd Annual BET Awards 2002 TV Movie documentary Himself
Summer Music Mania 2002 2002 TV Movie Himself - Performer
Slip N' Slide: All Star Weekend 2002 Video documentary Himself
MTV Movie Awards 2002 Pre-Show 2002 TV Special Himself - Host
Hype Williams: The Videos, Vol. 1 2002 Video Himself (segment "Holla Holla")
Kurupt: G-TV 2002 Video Himself
The 2002 World Music Awards 2002 TV Special Himself
The 16th Annual Soul Train Music Awards 2002 TV Special Himself
The 44th Annual Grammy Awards 2002 TV Special Himself
Hip Hop Uncensored Vol. 4: Miami Vice 2002 Video Himself
USO Special for the Troops 2002 TV Movie documentary Himself
Making the Video 2001 TV Series documentary Himself
Saturday Night Live 2001 TV Series Himself - Musical Guest
MTV Video Music Awards 2001 2001 TV Special Himself - Performer
Source Awards 2001 2001 TV Special Himself - Performer
MTV 20: Live & Almost Legal 2001 TV Movie documentary Himself
Missy 'Misdemeanor' Elliott: Hits of Miss E... The Videos, Volume 1 2001 Video documentary short Himself (segment "Get Ur Freak On")
The 15th Annual Soul Train Music Awards 2001 TV Special Himself
The 28th Annual American Music Awards 2001 TV Special Himself
Da Hip Hop Witch 2000 Video Himself
Backstage 2000 Documentary Himself
Sisqo: Thong Song 2000 Short Himself
Ridiculousness 2016 TV Series Himself
12th Annual Desert Smash 2016 TV Movie Himself
ESPN First Take 2015 TV Series Himself
The Real 2015 TV Series Himself
Access Hollywood Live 2015 TV Series Himself
The Wendy Williams Show 2013-2015 TV Series Himself / Himself - Guest
2015 MTV Video Music Awards with People Magazine 2015 TV Mini-Series Himself
The Noite com Danilo Gentili 2014 TV Series Himself
The Queen Latifah Show 2014 TV Series Himself
The Insider 2014 TV Series Himself
Black Girls Rock! 2013 2013 TV Movie Himself
Big Morning Buzz Live 2013 TV Series Himself
RapFix Live 2011 TV Series Himself
Shooting Star(s): The Rise of Hip Hop Photographer Johnny Nunez 2009 Documentary Himself
Oi Fashion Rocks 2009 TV Movie Himself - Musical Guest

Archive Footage

Archive Footage

TitleYearStatusCharacter
Mighty D-Block 2006 Video documentary Himself - 'New York, New York' Video
The Evolution of Eminem 2004 TV Movie documentary Himself
50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs... Ever 2004 TV Movie documentary Himself
Beef 2003 Documentary Himself - Murder Inc. Records
Flava 1999-2001 TV Series Himself

Nominated awards

Nominated awards

YearAwardCeremonyNominationMovieAward shared with
2005 Teen Choice Award Teen Choice Awards Choice Rap Artist in a Movie Assault on Precinct 13 (2005)
2003 Grammy Grammy Awards Best Rap/Sung Collaboration · Ashanti
2002 Grammy Grammy Awards Best Rap Album For the album "Pain Is Love."


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#Quote
1 My family was Jehovah's Witnesses, which is a really tough religion. It kind of deterred me from religion for a long time. They still practice, but I don't. But I always remained spiritual, and had a belief that there is a God. I'm trying to find my way, you know?
2 That's the unwritten rule in hip-hop. If I get on a record with you, I want to smash you. That's it. Every MC knows that. If I'm on a track with you, I want to be the best on the track. That's just how it is in hip-hop.
3 When you go to jail, there's so much simple stuff missing. You just want some good toilet paper or a real toothbrush, a real blanket and a real bed to lay in.
4 Prison has humbled me in a lot of ways, because when you go to prison, I became 11 R 2024 you know, I wasn't Ja Rule the superstar. I wasn't any of that. I was just a regular inmate.
5 I came into the rap game in 1992; my life was changing, but my group wasn't successful; I also saw the biggest rappers in the world die all of a sudden in the ensuing years, so it was a matter of conquering yourself before you can conquer the world.
6 Film and TV and stuff like that was something that I wanted to do when I was really, really little; like, I remember I used to do these plays with my cousins. We used to do Michael Jackson performances, and I would be Michael.
7 I think it's time that we all be there for the children, to learn from the ones who came before us, and to teach our sons and daughters to have respect for themselves. Break the cycle.
8 I believe in God and a higher power. I'm still not the religious type per se because religion tore my family apart. I'm still a little scared and skeptical being one with any faith.
9 The best decision I ever made, period, was to get into the music business.
10 Acting was something I always wanted to try. I just didn't know how, or I didn't know when the door was gonna be open for me to try it. But it finally opened up for me when I did 'Turn It Up', and ever since then I've been in love with doing films.
11 There is only one me.
12 The public makes it so that we have to keep assaulting each other.
13 These companies are in it for their dollars, and whatever is hot that is what they follow.
14 I'm married, I have three children, I never hit my wife.
15 Music is my heart, but I see television and more movies in the next stage of my life.
16 My role now is as an artist and as a mogul to inspire and give others opportunities.
17 Jail is definitely not cool. Education is.
18 It's always good to be working.
19 I just like music that I can relate to, something to listen to in my car.
20 I got started in 1995, working in a group called The Cash Money Click.
21 I would love to do something like 'Beverly Hills Cop'. I'd get to be funny and cool and heroic all in the same breath.
22 I went through a lot of phases and studied many religions. I am not into religion, I am spiritual.
23 I love music; it's my passion.
24 Galley Molina's a great inspiration and role model for a lot of young kids out there.
25 I got a cold feeling toward religion in general. I don't think God would want to separate families.
26 Every religion there's something foul going on.
27 I don't want people to get confused. I'm not going to be putting out a gospel album.
28 I get mad quick and and go off at the handle quick.
29 I love to see my family together. That's what life is about. It's about family.
30 People think being famous is so glamorous, but half the time you're in a strange hotel room living out of a suitcase.
31 I wanted to go into prison and come out a better person - mentally, physically. So, I read a lot of books, got my GED while I was in there, and worked out every day. Strong body, strong mind.
32 I feel like unforgiveness, bitterness and resentment, it blocks the flows of God's blessings in life.
33 We, as artists, we have the right to express ourselves. That is our first amendment, freedom of speech. But I also believe that we have an obligation to the youth to be somewhat responsible in what we say on records. But I think that comes with age. I think that comes with artists growing up and becoming assured of who they are as people.
34 After doing two years in prison, trust me, I've seen a lot of tough guys pray. They're not just praying for themselves; they're praying for their family and the people they've let down.
35 I stopped going to Kingdom Hall, the church, when I was 11 years old, so I was very young. They don't celebrate birthdays, you get no Christmas, so it's a very difficult religion for children to get into. And they do a lot of finger-pointing among the Jehovah's Witnesses.
36 I'm an adrenaline guy. I like to do stuff that gets my blood pumping, like roller coasters or jumping out of planes. I'm into all that crazy stuff.
37 I prayed every night that God would keep my family safe. But as far as religion goes, I feel like everyone should have their own one-on-one with God.
38 Right now I'm on my God flow, you know what I mean? I got Job 1:21 tattooed on my chest.
39 I've always been a spiritual person who believed in a Higher Power. So, I've always had my 1-on-1 with God, even if I wasn't much of a religious person.
40 I believe in God and not religion, because I believe religion is the double cross. Because I've been double crossed by three religions, so I think I can safely say that religion - there is maybe something wrong with religion. Every temple that's put up may not be a holy one, so watch out.
41 Pain is love.
42 Being incarcerated is truly very serious, and it has changed my life to such an extent that breaking the cycle has become my sole focus. Jail is definitely not cool. Education is.
43 Who made these laws? That's what I want to know. So that's why I wear two crosses now. I call it double cross. I believe in God-not religion.
44 I'm a breakfast type of guy. Don't get me wrong. I can cook, I'm kinda nice on the burner, but I enjoy making breakfast. I do it all... Scrambled eggs... French toast... Pancakes... Breakfast is my thing.
45 That is our first amendment, freedom of speech. But I also believe that we have an obligation to the youth to be somewhat responsible in what we say on records. But I think that comes with age. I think that comes with artists growing up and becoming assured of who they are as people.
46 As far as religion goes, I feel like everyone should have their own one-on-one with God.
47 A lot of people say I tried to emulate Tupac, but when I look back at my career, we're very different artists. I took pages out of Pac's book, of course, and lots of other rappers - Biggie, Nas - of course you take pages out of those books, but you eventually make it your own thing. And I think I did a good job of that.
48 I think it's time that we all be there for the children, to learn from the ones who came before us, and to teach our sons and daughters to have respect for themselves.
49 I've signed a few sneakers in my day.
50 The rules, religion to religion that man set forth, made me shy away from religion and have my own one on one with God and cut out the middleman.
51 As far as rap goes, I grew up in Hollis, Queens, so early influences were people like Run DMC and LL Cool J.
52 Be very nervous of the shaky hands.
53 I've done a lot of films that all have been pretty edgy.


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